Guía metodológica: Pertinencia de Datos Poblacionales sobre Discapacidad para la Kinesiología / Methodological Guide: Relevance of Population-based Data on Disability for Physical Therapy

Introducción. El Estudio Nacional de la Discapacidad y Dependencia (ENDIDE) y el III Estudio Nacional de la Discapacidad (ENDISC) son investigaciones de relevancia en Chile que utilizan la estadística para comprender la situación de las personas con discapacidad en el país. Estos estudios recopilan datos cuantitativos y cualitativos sobre la discapacidad, permitiendo obtener información actualizada sobre su prevalencia, tipos de discapacidad, acceso a servicios y barreras enfrentadas. La utilización de la estadística en estos estudios es crucial para identificar necesidades, diseñar políticas inclusivas y evaluar el impacto de las intervenciones en la calidad de vida de las personas con discapacidad en Chile. Es relevante comprender las metodologías y pertinencia de estos datos para el desarrollo de la kinesiología, según indica la Convención sobre los Derechos de las Personas con discapacidad.

Background. The National Study on Disability and Dependency (ENDIDE) and the III National Study on Disability (ENDISC) are relevant investigations in Chile that use statistics to understand the situation of people with disabilities in the country. These studies collect quantitative and qualitative data on disability, allowing to obtain updated information on its prevalence, types of disability, access to services and barriers faced. The use of statistics in these studies is crucial to identify needs, design inclusive policies and assess the impact of explosions on the quality of life of people with disabilities in Chile. It is important to understand the methodologies and relevance of these data for the development of kinesiology, as indicated by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

Automated coding and selection of causes of death in Peru: a descriptive study, 2016-2019 / Automatización de la codificación y selección de causas de muerte en Perú: estudio descriptivo, 2016-2019 / Automatização da codificação e seleção das causas de óbitos no Peru: estudo descritivo, 2016-2019

Abstract Objective: to describe software performance in the automatic selection of the underlying cause of death in Peru, between 2016 and 2019. Methods: this was a descriptive study on the software performance in the automated selection of the underlying cause of death over the years (chi-square test for trend) and the correlation between the type of death certificate and software performance (correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination). Results: a total of 446,217 death certificates were analyzed; the proportion of death certificates with the underlying cause of death increased from 69.6% in 2016 to 78.8% in 2019 (p-value < 0.001); it could be seen a direct linear correlation between electronic death certificates and software performance (correlation coefficient = 0.95; R2 = 0.89). Conclusion: the software showed good performance in the automatic selection of the underlying cause of death, with a significant increase between 2016 and 2019.

Resumen Objetivo: describir el desempeño de un software en la selección automática de la causa básica de muerte en Perú, entre 2016 y 2019. Métodos: estudio descriptivo de la tendencia del desempeño de un software para seleccionar la causa básica de muerte a través de los años (chi cuadrado de tendencia) y la correlación entre los certificados de defunción electrónicos y el desempeño del software (coeficientes de correlación y determinación). Resultados: se analizaron 446.217 certificados; la proporción de certificados con causa básica de muerte aumentó de 69,6% en 2016 a 78,8% en 2019 (p-valor < 0,001); se observó una correlación lineal directa entre certificados electrónicos y el desempeño del software (coeficiente de correlación = 0,95; R2 = 0,89). Conclusión: el software presentó un buen desempeño en la selección de la causa básica de muerte y aumentó significativamente entre 2016 y 2019.

Resumo Objetivo: descrever o desempenho de um software na seleção automática da causa básica de morte no Peru, entre 2016 e 2019. Métodos: estudo descritivo do desempenho de um software na seleção automatizada da causa básica de morte ao longo dos anos (teste qui-quadrado de tendência) e da correlação entre a forma de declaração de óbito e o desempenho do software (coeficientes de correlação e determinação). Resultados: foram analisadas 446.217 declarações de óbito; a proporção de declarações com causa básica de morte aumentou de 69,6%, em 2016, para 78,8%, em 2019 (p-valor < 0,001); observou-se correlação linear direta entre as declarações eletrônicas de óbito e o desempenho do software (coeficiente de correlação = 0,95; R2 = 0,89). Conclusão: o software apresentou bom desempenho na seleção automática da causa básica de morte, com aumento significativo entre 2016 e 2019.

Content comparison of assessment tools of activity and participation, and quality of life: based on ICD-11 and ICF / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo encode and analyze the measurement items of major activity and participation function assessment tools and quality of life assessment tools using International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). MethodsRepresentative tools in the activity category, comprehensive activity and participation category, as well as quality of life assessment tools were selected for analysis of their measurement structures and content. Based on the ICF linking rule and content matching method, the concepts of measurement items in various tools were matched with ICF categories, analyzing the relationships between the content of measurement items and the concepts of ICF categories, and then coded in ICF and ICD-11. ResultsMeasurement tools in the activity category, such as Barthel index (BI) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), were primarily standardized activity assessment tools in medical, rehabilitation, and community settings. The measurement was conducted through direct observation of activity function and semi-structured interviews with individuals or their caregivers, with 25 to 60 minutes. Most measurement tools were standardized reference tools. Assessment tools related to overall functioning in the activity and participation category, such as 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF), World Health Organization Quality of Life-Disability (WHOQOL-DIS) and World Health Orgnization Disability Assessment Scheme 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) were norm-referenced assessment tools applicable in medical, rehabilitation, education, and social service contexts. The measurement was carried out by professionals through interviews and observations, or completed by the assessed individuals through self-administered questionnaires, with a measurement duration of 30 to 60 minutes. In terms of measurement content, IADL and BI mainly focus on activities of self care and functional activities, corresponding to ICF categories such as mobility (d4), self-care (d5), and domestic life (d6). SF-36 primarily covers general tasks and demands (d2), communication (d3), mobility (d4), self-care (d5), and domestic life (d6). WHOQOL-BREF and WHOQOL-DIS items related to general tasks and demands (d2), communication (d3), mobility (d4), interpersonal interactions and relationships (d7), and community, social, and civic life (d9). WHODAS 2.0 was the most comprehensive measurement tool covering all nine domains of activity and participation in the ICF. ConclusionThis study amalyzed the structures and contents of items of six assessments tools using ICF nomenclature, terminology, codes and linking rules. WHOQOL-BREF, WHOQOL-DIS and WHODAS 2.0 are comprehensive functioning evaluation tools, covering all nine ICF domains of activity and participation, as well as quality of life and well-being.

Clinical classification and histopathological features of connective tissue nevi / 中华皮肤科杂志

Connective tissue nevi (CTN) , a kind of benign skin hamartomas, can be classified into 3 types according to the excessive components predominating in skin lesions, including collagen type, elastin type and proteoglycan type, and each type of CTN includes various inherited and acquired diseases. Therefore, genetic, clinical, and histopathological features should be considered for the confirmation of diagnosis of CTN and its subtypes. According to the latest Chinese and international literature, this review elaborates clinical classification and histopathological characteristics of CTN, aiming to further strengthen the understanding of this disease.

Saber mejor, saber el por qué y saber hacer: supuestos de la depresión en psiquiatría / Knowing better, knowing the why, and knowing how to do: assumptions of depression in psychiatry

1) Empirical psychiatric research has failed to validate or verify the causes of depressive disorder. 2) Historically, psychiatry has been looking for many causes and is currently favoring a model of multi-causality, acting at various levels of interaction with diffuse limits. 3) Purely scientific psychiatry is based on the concept that a person is an "entity in itself" that presently suffers from a disorder caused by modifications in the impulses of the neurons in its brain. 4) The question that remains is whether depression is a real entity independent of human activities, a pragmatic entity employed for reasons of utility, or an entity constructed by the prevailing social forces in Western civilization. 5) The rationale for depression can be answered if we understand a human being as a being-in-the-world that a] is projected into the future to enact its existence, b] is placed in a condition that determines him and hinders his self-determination and c] lives among others that impel him to submit to the rules valid for "common people.

Epidemiology and treatment of sepsis at a public pediatric emergency department

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the clinical characteristics and treatment of children with sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock at a pediatric emergency department of a public hospital. Methods A retrospective, observational study. The medical records of patients included in the hospital Pediatric Sepsis Protocol and patients with discharge ICD-10 A41.9 (sepsis, unspecified), R57 (shock) and A39 (meningococcal meningitis) were evaluated. Results A total of 399 patients were included. The prevalence of sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock at the emergency room were 0.41%, 0.14% and 0.014%, respectively. The median age was 21.5 months for sepsis, 12 months for severe sepsis, and 20.5 months for septic shock. Sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock were more often associated with respiratory diseases. The Respiratory Syncytial Virus was the most common agent. The median time to antibiotic and fluid administration was 3 hours in patients with sepsis and severe sepsis. In patients with septic shock, the median times to administer antibiotics, fluid and vasoactive drugs were 2 hours, 2.5 hours and 6 hours, respectively. The median length of hospital stay for patients with sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock were 3 days, 4 days and 1 day, respectively. The overall mortality was 2%. Conclusion Sepsis had a low prevalence. Early diagnosis and recognition are a challenge for the emergency care pediatrician, the first place of admission.

Research and curriculum construction of International Classification of Diseases based on campus online open course / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Blended learning mode combines the advantages of traditional teaching and online learning and has become the important contents of teaching reform. This study systematically introduces the construction route and content of the blended learning course of International Classification of Diseases (ICD) based on campus online open course (COOC), including the front-end analysis in preparatory stage, curriculum design, teaching activities and teaching assessment, and preliminary shows the achievements of curriculum construction in order to improve teaching quality and training more excellent students.

Consideration on defining polytrauma as a single disease / 中华创伤杂志

Polytrauma represents severe injuries to multiple body regions, which is associated with high risk of complications and mortality. The definition of polytrauma relies on the basic concept of a combination of injuries that cause a life-threatening condition. The authors strongly call on the healthcare community to list polytrauma as a single disease in the international classification of diseases, rather than "disease combination". Because polytrauma has definite etiology and unique pathophysiological changes after polytrauma, treatment models are different from single trauma. Polytrauma can certainly fulfil any practical and nosological criteria of a single disease according to Berlin definition. The authors explore the importance of polytrauma as a single disease in preventive intervention strategies, therapeutic measures and traumatology development in the future.

Genetic study of cardiovascular disease subtypes defined by International Classification of Diseases / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To study the molecular connection among cardiovascular diseases (CVD) subtypes defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) version 10 (ICD-10).@*METHODS@#Both phenotypic data and genotypic data used in this study were obtained from the UK Biobank. A total of 380 083 participants aged between 40 and 69 years were included. Those without any cardiovascular disease (either no ICD-10 code at all or no ICD-10 code containing letter I) were assigned to the control group. The five CVD subtypes were: ischaemic heart diseases (IHD), pulmonary heart disease and diseases of pulmonary circulation (PHD), cerebrovascular diseases (CRB), diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries (AAC), diseases of veins, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, and diseases not elsewhere classified (VLL). We first performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for each of the five subtypes. We summarized novel loci using genome-wide significance threshold P=5×10-8. Next, we used linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) method to assess genetic correlation among the five subtypes. Lastly, we applied mendelian randomization (MR) approach to assess the causal relationship among the subtypes. The particular software that we used was generalised summary-data-based mendelian randomisation (GSMR).@*RESULTS@#Through GWAS, we identified hundreds of genome-wide significant SNPs: 672 for IHD, 241 for PHD, 31 for CRB, 48 for AAC, and 193 for VLL. By comparing with published literature, we found 28 novel loci, for PHD (n=14), CRB (n =7) and AAC (n =7). Eight of these 28 loci were rare, where the lead SNP had minor allele frequency (MAF) less than 1%. LDSC analyses indicated IHD had significant genetic correlation with VLL (P=2.52×10-7), PHD (P=3.77×10-3) and AAC (P=4.90×10-3), respectively. Bidrectional GSMR analyses showed that IHD had a positive causal relationship with VLL (P=7.40×10-5) and AAC (P=1.50×10-3), while reverse causality was not supported.@*CONCLUSION@#This study adopted an innovative approach to study the molecular connection among CVD subtypes that are defined by ICD. We identified potentially positive genetic correlation and causal effects among some of these subtypes. Research along this line will provide scientific insights and serve as a guidance for future ICD standards.

Análise dos registros de atendimentos de mulheres que realizaram aborto previsto em lei em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Analysis of records for women that have undergone legally authorized abortions in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil / Análisis de los registros de atención a mujeres que abortaron según lo previsto en la ley en Porto Alegre, Río Grande do Sul, Brasil

Resumo: O aborto permitido por lei no Brasil é um direito pouco garantido devido a múltiplas barreiras de acesso. A dificuldade em obter-se registros confiáveis e de fácil acesso, que subsidiem ações de monitoramento e avaliação pertinentes a essa temática, é outra questão preocupante relacionada à organização do sistema de saúde. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar os registros de atendimentos a mulheres que realizaram aborto legal no Município de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, no período de 2013 a 2018 e identificar sua prevalência no Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH). Para isso, os prontuários dos casos de aborto previstos em lei, realizados nos quatro serviços de referência foram avaliados in loco. Os dados obtidos foram cruzados com o banco do SIH do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). A razão de prevalência foi estimada por meio do modelo de regressão Poisson, com variância robusta. Foram identificados, nos prontuários, 236 casos de aborto legal, dos quais 95 (40,3%) estavam registrados no SIH. Os casos cujos prontuários tinham o CID O04 (aborto por razões médicas) identificado em seus registros internos tiveram uma prevalência de 3,02 (IC95%: 1,83-4,98) vezes de constarem no SIH do que aqueles que não identificaram. Foi observado que o número de registros de aborto legal no SIH diferia dependendo do hospital; no entanto, verificou-se que, independentemente do hospital, o fato do registro interno descrever o CID O04 aumenta a prevalência de registros no SIH. Conclui-se que a falta de padronização e o sub-registro dificultam a obtenção de informações fidedignas na base de dados nacionais do SUS, aumentando a invisibilidade do aborto legal.

Abstract: Abortion as allowed by law in Brazil is a right that is rarely enforced, due to the multiple barriers to access. Another troublesome issue related to the health system's organization is the difficulty in obtaining reliable and easily accessible records to back monitoring and evaluation of legally authorized abortion. The current study thus aimed to analyze the patient records of women that had undergone legal abortion in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, from 2013 to 2018 and to identify the procedure's prevalence in the Hospital Information System (SIH). The study analyzed on site the patient files for legally permitted abortions performed in the four referral services in the city. The authors cross-analyzed the data with the database of the SIH under the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). Prevalence ratio was estimated with a Poisson regression model with robust variance. Examination of the patient files identified 236 cases of legal abortion, of which 95 (40.3%) were recorded in the SIH. The cases in which the patient files contained ICD O04 (medical abortion) identified in their internal records had 3.02 times higher prevalence (95%CI: 1.83-4.98) of being recorded in the SIH than those without the ICD code. The number of records of legal abortions in the SIH differed according to the hospital. However, independently of the hospital, the fact that the internal record listed ICD O04 increased the prevalence of records in the SIH. In conclusion, the lack of standardization and under-recording hindered the collection of trustworthy information in the national database of the SUS, further increasing the invisibility of legal abortion in Brazil.

Resumen: El aborto está permitido por ley en Brasil, aunque es un derecho poco garantizado, debido a múltiples barreras de acceso. La dificultad de conseguir registros confiables y de fácil acceso, que apoyen acciones de supervisión y evaluación pertinentes para esta temática, es otra cuestión preocupante relacionada con la organización del sistema de salud. De este modo, el objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar los registros de atención a mujeres, que abortaron legalmente en el Municipio de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, durante el período de 2013 a 2018 e identificar su prevalencia en el Sistema de Informaciones Hospitalarias (SIH). Para tal fin, se evaluaron in loco los historiales de los casos de aborto previstos en ley, efectuados en cuatro servicios de referencia. Los datos obtenidos se cruzaron con el banco de datos del SIH del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). La razón de prevalencia se estimó mediante el modelo de regresión Poisson con variancia robusta. Se identificaron en los registros médicos, 236 casos de aborto legal, de los cuales 95 (40,3%) estaban registrados en el SIH. Los casos cuyos historiales tenían el CIE O04 (aborto por razones médicas), identificado en sus registros internos, contaron con una prevalencia de 3,02 veces (IC95%: 1,83-4,98) respecto a constar en el SIH, en relación con aquellos que no se identificaron. Se observó que el número de registros de aborto legal en el SIH difería dependiendo del hospital; no obstante, se verificó que, independientemente del hospital, el hecho de que el registro interno describa el CIE O04 aumenta la prevalencia de registros en el SIH. Se concluye que la falta de estandarización y el subregistro dificultan la obtención de información fidedigna en la base de datos nacionales del SUS, aumentando la invisibilidad del aborto legal.

Evitabilidade de óbitos fetais: reflexões sobre a Lista Brasileira de Causas de Mortes Evitáveis por intervenção do Sistema Único de Saúde / Avoidability of fetal deaths: reflections on the Brazilian List of Avoidable Causes of Deaths through interventions by the Brazilian Unified National Health System / Evitabilidad de óbitos fetales: reflexiones sobre la Lista Brasileña de Causas de Muertes Evitables por intervención del Sistema Único de Salud

Resumo: Apesar da Lista Brasileira de Causas de Morte Evitáveis (LBE), na sua versão para crianças menores de 5 anos (LBE < 5), não contemplar óbitos fetais, alguns estudos a utilizaram sem ou com poucas adaptações. Apresentamos uma proposta de adaptação da LBE para óbitos fetais (LBE-OF) e os resultados de sua aplicação aos óbitos fetais no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, em 2018, comparados aos da LBE < 5. Revisamos as categorias da 10ª revisão da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-10) presentes na LBE < 5 e as realocamos nos grupos de evitabilidade, segundo momento do óbito em relação ao parto e as causas condizentes com óbitos fetais. Condições que não esclarecem os determinantes do óbito foram alocadas como causas mal definidas. Óbitos fetais no Estado do Rio de Janeiro - selecionados das bases do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) - foram classificados segundo LBE-OF e a LBE < 5. Ao classificar os 2.585 óbitos fetais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro ocorridos em 2018, observou-se que, segundo a LBE < 5, predominariam causas "reduzíveis por adequada atenção ao parto" (42,9%), já pela LBE-OF, aquelas "reduzíveis por adequada atenção à mulher na gestação" foram as mais frequentes (43,6%). As causas mal definidas ocuparam a segunda posição segundo a LBE-OF (35,4%) e a terceira posição segundo LBE < 5. Cerca de 30% dos óbitos fetais mudaram de grupos e subgrupos de evitabilidade, mostrando maior coerência com o perfil de atenção obstétrica. Embora identificando um maior percentual de causas mal definidas, a LBE-OF coaduna-se mais com a fisiopatologia dos óbitos fetais. Sua inserção no SIM avançaria no sentido de monitorar e qualificar a investigação de causas de morte fetal.

Abstract: Although the Brazilian List of Avoidable Causes of Deaths (LBE in Portuguese), in its version for children under 5 years of age (LBE < 5), does not include stillbirths, some studies have used the list with or without adaptations. We present a proposal for adaptation of the LBE for stillbirths (LBE-OF in Portuguese) and the results of its application to stillbirths in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2018, compared to the results with LBE < 5. We reviewed the categories from the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) in the LBE < 5 and reassigned them in the avoidability groups, according to time of death in relation to delivery and the causes consistent with stillbirths. Conditions that did not elucidate the determinants of death were allocated as ill-defined causes. Stillbirths in the State of Rio de Janeiro, selected from the databases of the Mortality Information System (SIM in Portuguese), were classified according to LBE-OF and LBE < 5. When classifying the 2,585 stillbirths that occurred in the State of Rio de Janeiro in 2018, we found that according to LBE < 5, there were predominantly causes "reducible by adequate care in labor and delivery" (42.9%), while according to LBE-OF, the most frequent causes were "reducible by adequate care for during pregnancy" (43.6%). Ill-defined causes ranked second according to the LBE-OF (35.4%) and third according to LBE < 5. Some 30% of stillbirths changed groups and subgroups of avoidability, showing greater consistency with the profile of obstetric care. Although identifying a higher percentage of ill-defined causes, the LBE-OF is more consistent with the pathophysiology of fetal deaths. The inclusion of stillbirths in the SIM would be a positive step in monitoring and upgrading the investigation of causes of fetal death.

Resumo: A pesar de que la Lista Brasileña de Causas de Muerte Evitables (LBE), en su versión para niños menores de 5 años (LBE < 5), no contemple los óbitos fetales, algunos estudios la utilizaron sin o con pocas adaptaciones. Presentamos una propuesta de adaptación de la LBE para óbitos fetales (LBE-OF) y los resultados de su aplicación a óbitos fetales en el Estado de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, en 2018, comparados con los de la LBE < 5. Revisamos las categorías de la 10ª revisión de la Clasificación Internacional de Enferemedades (CIE-10) presentes en la LBE < 5, y las asignamos en los grupos de evitabilidad, según el momento del óbito, en relación con el parto y las causas acordes con óbitos fetales. Las condiciones que no aclararon los determinantes del óbito fueron asignadas como causas mal definidas. Los óbitos fetales del Estado de Río de Janeiro -seleccionados de las bases del Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad (SIM)- se clasificaron según el LBE-OF y la LBE < 5. Al clasificar los 2.585 óbitos fetales del Estado de Rio de Janeiro ocurridos en 2018, se observó que, según la LBE < 5 años, predominarían causas "reducibles por una adecuada atención al parto" (42,9%), mientras que por la LBE-OF, aquellas "reducibles por una adecuada atención a la mujer en la gestación" fueron las más frecuentes (43,6%). Las causas mal definidas ocuparon la segunda posición según la LBE-OF (35,4%), y la tercera posición según LBE < 5. Cerca de un 30% de los óbitos fetales cambiaron de grupos y subgrupos de evitabilidad, mostrando una mayor coherencia con el perfil de atención obstétrica. A pesar de haberse identificado un mayor porcentaje de causas mal definidas, la LBE-OF es más compatible con la fisiopatología de los óbitos fetales. Su inserción en el SIM avanzaría en el sentido de monitorear y calificar la investigación de causas de muerte fetal.

Enhancing standardization of diagnostic terminology for dermatitis and eczematous disorders / 中华皮肤科杂志

Dermatitis and eczematous disorders are very common in dermatological clinic. Due to variations in understanding of these diseases, there are some confusions and controversies about the diagnostic terms of "dermatitis" and "eczema" in China and other countries. With the progress in research on dermatitis and eczematous disorders, the understanding of some diseases with unclear causes or etiologies has gradually been improved, and it has been recognized that neither "dermatitis" nor "eczema" should be regarded as an independent clinical diagnostic term. Standardizing the diagnostic process and terminology for related diseases can lay a foundation for better classification, management, epidemiological research, and targeted treatment and prevention of these diseases.

Defunciones en Medellín según nivel socioeconómico y educativo, discriminado mediante la lista CIE 10 / Death rate in Medellín according to socioeconomic stratum and educational level categorized by means CIE list 10

RESUMEN Introducción: el estudio de la mortalidad tiene diversos tópicos para su abordaje, entre estos las causas de muerte. En la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia, en el año 2016, se hace pertinente un análisis más profundo de las defunciones según clase social y nivel educativo. Objetivo: analizar las defunciones de la ciudad de Medellín de los siete grupos de causas de defunción de la lista CIE 10, al distribuir la mortalidad según sus estratos socioeconómicos y nivel de educación. Métodos: estudio cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo donde se toman en cuenta las variables de estratificación social en base a los códigos de barrios de las 16 comunas, y los niveles de educación desde preescolar a doctorado; además, se analiza la correlación entre el nivel educativo y estrato social según las defunciones. Resultados: los estratos bajos tienen la mayor cantidad de defunciones que en los estratos altos, asimismo los niveles educativos básicos de preescolar a secundaria están en mayor medida relacionadas a las defunciones de los estratos bajos, mientras que los niveles profesionales a posgrados tienen mayor cantidad de defunciones en los estratos altos, además la mayor proporción de las causas de muertes están en los grupos de las circulatorias y tumores en todos los estratos. Conclusiones: las estadísticas vitales deben ser una herramienta de alta precisión y su información de altos estándares, para así realizar estudios a profundidad sobre las dinámicas y características de la población en el presente caso la mortalidad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the study of mortality rate has several topics for its approach, including the causes of death, but it is significant to have a deeper analysis to which deaths are analyzed by social stratum and educational level in Medellín during 2016. Objective: to analyze the death rate in the city of Medellín from seven groups of causes of death on the CIE 10 list, distributing the death rate by causes, according to the socioeconomic strata and level of education. Methods: this is a descriptive-quantitative study that takes into account the variables of social stratification based on the neighborhood codes of 16 communes, and the levels of education from the preschool level to the doctorate degree; in addition analyzing the correlation between educational level and social stratum according to death rates. Results: lower social strata have higher number of deaths than upper social strata, likewise the basic educational levels from preschool to secondary are to a greater extent related to deaths in the lower social strata, while the postgraduate professional levels have a higher number of deaths in the upper social strata, and the highest proportion of causes of death are in the circulatory-disease groups and tumors in all strata. Conclusions: vital statistics should be a tool of high precision and its information of high standards is useful in order to carry out in-depth studies regarding the dynamics and characteristics of the population in the present analysis of mortality rate.

Fatores associados à mortalidade por causas inespecíficas e mal definidas no estado do Amazonas, Brasil, de 2006 a 2012 / Factors associated with unspecified and ill-defined causes of death in the State of Amazonas, Brazil, from 2006 to 2012

Resumo Objetivou-se investigar fatores associados à mortalidade por causas inespecíficas e mal definidas no estado do Amazonas (AM). Desenvolveu-se um estudo seccional incluindo 90.439 registros de óbitos não fetais, com residência e ocorrência no AM entre 2006 e 2012. Foram estimadas razões de chances de causas inespecíficas e mal definidas por meio de regressão logística multinomial hierárquica. A proporção de causas mal definidas e inespecíficas foi, respectivamente, 16,6% e 9,1%. A ocorrência de causas mal definidas diminuiu ao longo dos anos e a de causas inespecíficas somente no último biênio. As causas inespecíficas associaram-se com residência e ocorrência do óbito fora da capital, via pública, sexo feminino, dos 10 aos 49 anos, cor parda e quando atestadas por legistas. As causas mal definidas associaram-se com residência e ocorrência fora da capital, em domicílios, a partir de 40 anos, cor não branca, não ser solteiro, baixa escolaridade, assistência médica e falta de informação sobre o atestante. A mortalidade por causas mal definidas e inespecíficas no AM declinou entre 2006 e 2012, associando-se às dimensões espacial e temporal, fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos e à assistência médica na ocasião do óbito.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate factors associated with unspecified and ill-defined causes of death in the State of Amazonas (AM), Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study on 90,439 non-fetal deaths of residents in AM from 2006 to 2012. The hierarchical multinomial logistic model estimated odds ratios of unspecified and ill-defined causes of death. Ill-defined and unspecified causes of death proportional mortality was, respectively, 16.6% and 9.1%. Ill-defined causes showed a decreasing trend over the years, while unspecified causes only decreased in the last two years. Unspecified causes of death were associated with residence and death outside the capital, public roads, female gender, age group 10-49 years, brown skin color and when certified by forensic doctors. Ill-defined causes of death were associated with residence and occurrence outside capital, at home, ages 40 years and older, non-whites, not being single, low schooling, under medical care and when examiner was unknown. Ill-defined and unspecified cause mortality in the State of Amazonas decreased between 2006 and 2012 in AM and was associated with space and time, demographic and socioeconomic factors and medical care at the moment of death.

Anomalias congênitas na perspectiva da vigilância em saúde: compilação de uma lista com base na CID-10 / Anomalías congénitas desde la perspectiva de la vigilancia de la salud: compilación de una lista basada en la CIE-10 / Congenital anomalies from the health surveillance perspective: compilation of a list based on ICD-10

Objetivo: Propor uma lista de anomalias congênitas com códigos correspondentes na Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde - 10ᵃ Revisão (CID-10), visando a aplicação no âmbito da vigilância em saúde. Métodos: Em dezembro de 2019, realizou-se busca nas seguintes fontes de dados: CID-10; CID-11; anomalias monitoradas por três modelos de vigilância; base de informações sobre doenças raras (Orphanet). Realizou-se extração das anomalias a partir dessas fontes, processamento para correspondência com base na CID-10 e compilação mediante revisão manual. Resultados: Foram identificados 898 códigos, dos quais 619 (68,9%) constavam no capítulo XVII da CID-10. Dos 279 códigos de outros capítulos, 19 foram exclusivos da busca na CID-11, 72 dos modelos de vigilância, 79 da Orphanet e 36 da busca de termos na CID-10. Conclusão: Os códigos que constam do capítulo XVII da CID-10 não captam a totalidade das anomalias congênitas, indicando a necessidade de adoção de uma lista ampliada.

Objetivo: Proponer una lista de anomalías congénitas con códigos correspondientes en la décima revisión de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE), con el objetivo de su aplicación en el ámbito de la vigilancia de la salud. Métodos: En diciembre de 2019, se buscaron las siguientes fuentes: CIE-10; CIE-11; anomalías monitoreadas por tres modelos de vigilancia; y base de informaciones sobre enfermedades raras (Orphanet). Las anomalías se extrajeron de estas fuentes de datos, se procesó en base a la CIE-10 y se compiló con una revisión manual. Resultados: Se identificaron 898 códigos, de los cuales 619 (68,9%) estaban en el Capítulo XVII de la CIE-10. De los 279 códigos en otros capítulos, 19 fueron exclusivos de la búsqueda en la CIE-11, 72 de los modelos de vigilancia, 79 de Orphanet y 36 de la búsqueda de términos en la CIE-10. Conclusión: Los códigos contenidos en el capítulo XVII de la CIE-10 no capturan la totalidad de las anomalías congénitas, lo que indica la necesidad de adoptar una lista ampliada.

Objective: To propose a list of congenital anomalies having corresponding codes in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10thRevision (ICD-10), with the aim of applying it in health surveillance. Methods: In December 2019, the following data sources were searched: ICD-10; ICD-11; anomalies monitored by three surveillance programs; and a database of rare diseases (Orphanet). Anomalies were retrieved from these data sources, processed to check for correspondence with ICD-10 and reviewed manually to compile the list. Results: 898 codes were identified, of which 619 (68.9%) were contained in ICD-10 Chapter XVII. Of the 279 codes contained in other chapters, 19 were exclusive to the ICD-11 search, 72 to the surveillance programs, 79 to Orphanet and 36 to the search for terms in ICD-10. Conclusion: The codes contained in ICD-10 Chapter XVII do not capture the totality of congenital anomalies, indicating the need to adopt an expanded list.

International Classification of Diseases - 11th revision: from design to implementation / Classificação Internacional das Doenças - 11ª revisão: da concepção à implementação

ABSTRACT The World Health Organization launched in May 2019 the new International Classification of Diseases (ICD), 11th revision. As a contribution to this transition, this article aims to present the main changes of the revised version of the classification and indicate the most pressing challenges. After 30 years of the ICD-10 publication, we identified significant challenges regarding the new classification, which was presented for adoption by several countries and will be in force in January 2022. The purpose of the preview is to allow countries to plan its use and train their professionals. The new version is completely digital, thus reducing notification errors and facilitating the dissemination and consolidation of this new version. The update highlights the advances in scientific understanding, and it demands structural actions and implementation efficiency from governments, so that everyone who deals with assistance can speak the same language, on a global scale.

RESUMO A Organização Mundial da Saúde lançou em maio de 2019 a nova Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID), 11ᵃ revisão. Como contribuição a essa transição, o objetivo deste texto é apresentar as principais mudanças da versão revisada da classificação e indicar os desafios mais prementes. Após 30 anos da publicação da CID-10, identificam-se desafios importantes quanto à nova classificação, que foi apresentada para adoção dos Estados-membros e entrará em vigor em janeiro de 2022. A finalidade da pré-visualização é permitir aos países planejar o uso e treinar seus profissionais. A nova versão é completamente digital, diminuindo assim os erros de notificação e facilitando a divulgação e consolidação da nova versão. A atualização deixa transparecer os avanços da compreensão cientifica e exige dos governos ações estruturantes e eficiência na implementação, para que todos que tratam da assistência possam se comunicar numa mesma linguagem, em escala mundial.

Aplicabilidade da Lista Brasileira de Causas de Mortes Evitáveis por intervenção do Sistema Único de Saúde, para análise de óbitos perinatais em municípios dos estados Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, 2011 / Aplicabilidad de la Lista Brasileña de Causas de Muertes Evitables por Intervención del Sistema Único de Salud, para análisis de óbitos perinatales en municipios de los estados de Rio de Janeiro y São Paulo, Brasil, 2011 / Brasilian List of Avidable Causes of Death that can be avoided by National Health System interventions, and its applicability for analysis of perinatal deaths in municipalities in the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Brazil, 2011

Resumo Objetivo avaliara aplicabilidade da Lista Brasileira de Causas de Mortes Evitáveis (LBE) na mortalidade perinatal, em maternidades públicas dos estados do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, 2011. Métodos estudo descritivo de série de casos com dados primários e do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) sobre óbitos perinatais; foi aplicada a LBE, com adaptações (códigos P20.9 e P70-74), e no Rio de Janeiro, adicionalmente, a classificação de Wigglesworth expandida (CWe). Resultados dos 98 óbitos perinatais, segundo a LBE, 61,2% seriam evitáveis, principalmente por adequada atenção à mulher na gestação; 'Causas de morte mal definidas' somaram 26,6% dos casos, principalmente óbitos fetais; pela CWe, a categoria de evitabilidade predominante no Rio Janeiro foi 'Morte fetal anteparto', relacionada a falhas no cuidado pré-natal, concordante com a LBE. Conclusão a LBE, após realocação de alguns códigos, pode melhorar a avaliação de óbitos fetais, sendo necessários estudos com maior número de participantes.

Resumen Objetivo evaluar la aplicabilidad de la Lista Brasileña de Causas de Muertes Evitables (LBE) en la mortalidad perinatal, en maternidades públicas de los Estados de Rio de Janeiro (RJ) y São Paulo (SP), 2011. Métodos estudio descriptivo de serie de casos (óbitos perinatales) con datos primarios y del Sistema de Informaciones sobre Mortalidad (SIM); se aplicó la LBE, con adaptaciones (códigos P20.9 y P70-74) para muertes fetales e, en RJ, adicionalmente, la clasificación de Wigglesworth expandida (CWe). Resultados de las 98 muertes perinatales, según la LBE, 61,2% serían evitables, principalmente por adecuada atención en la gestación; 'Causas de muerte mal definidas' sumaron 26,6%, principalmente las muertes fetales; por la CWe, la categoría predominante en RJ fue 'Muerte fetal anteparto', relacionada con fallas en la atención prenatal, lo que está de acuerdo con la LBE. Conclusión la LBE, reubicando algunos códigos, puede evaluar mejor las muertes fetales, requiriendo estudios con más participantes.

Abstract Objective to assess the applicability of the Brazilian List of Avoidable Causes of Death (BAL) to perinatal mortality in public maternity hospitals in the states of Rio de Janeiro (RJ) and São Paulo (SP) in 2011. Methods this was a descriptive case series study of perinatal deaths using primary data from the Mortality Information System; the BAL was applied, with adaptations (codes P20.9 and P70-74) and, in addition in Rio de Janeiro the Extended Wigglesworth (EW) Classification was also used. Results according to the BAL, 61.2% of the 98 perinatal deaths were avoidable, mainly by providing adequate attention to women in pregnancy; 'Ill-defined causes of death' accounted for 26.6% of cases, mainly fetal deaths; use of EW in RJ indicated that the 'Antepartum Fetal Death' category was predominant and was related to inadequate prenatal care; this was in line with the BAL. Conclusions after reallocating some codes, the BAL can improve fetal death evaluation, whereby studies with a larger number of participants are needed.

Diagnóstico de autismo no século XXI: evolução dos domínios nas categorizações nosológicas / Autism diagnosis in the 21st century: evolution of subdomains in nosological categorizations / Diagnostic de lautisme au 21e siècle: évolution des domaines dans les catégorisations nosologiques / Diagnóstico del autismo en el siglo XXI: evolución de dominios en categorizaciones nosológicas

Resumo Os critérios que subsidiaram o diagnóstico do autismo passaram por diversas mudanças ao longo dos anos, acompanhando os pressupostos conceituais hegemônicos no período. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a evolução do diagnóstico do autismo no século XXI, a partir dos domínios e subdomínios em que se baseiam as categorizações nosológicas. Adicionalmente, são sinalizados instrumentos auxiliares utilizados e algumas tecnologias diagnósticas em desenvolvimento, além de modelos conceituais que tratam do perfil neuropsicológico. Trata-se de pesquisa documental, tendo como referência os manuais diagnósticos existentes no período. Os domínios de interação social, comunicação e padrão restrito e repetitivo de comportamento foram mantidos nos diferentes manuais diagnósticos abordados. Os subdomínios de interação social e comunicação foram reduzidos, enquanto o padrão restrito e repetitivo teve consolidação no DSM-5. Compreender a evolução dos critérios diagnósticos tende a promover o desenvolvimento da clínica, potencializando a antecipação do diagnóstico e as intervenções necessárias para um melhor prognóstico.

Abstract The criteria that subsidized the diagnosis of autism have undergone several changes over the years, following the hegemonic conceptual assumptions of the period. This study analyzed the evolution of the diagnosis of autism during the 21st century with use of the domains and subdomains that served as basis for nosological categorizations. Additionally, the auxiliary instruments used, some diagnostic technologies under development, and conceptual models that address neuropsychological profiles are presented. This documentary research utilized diagnostic manuals of the period. The domains of social interaction, communication, and restricted and repetitive behavior patterns were maintained in the different diagnostic manuals addressed. The subdomains of social interaction and communication were reduced, while restricted and repetitive pattern was consolidated in DSM-5. Understanding the evolution of diagnostic criteria tends to promote clinical development, potentiating the anticipation of the diagnosis and the interventions necessary for a better prognosis.

Résumé Les critères qui subsidient le diagnostic de l'autisme ont subi plusieurs changements, suivant les hypothèses conceptuelles hégémoniques de la période. Cette étude vise à analyser l'évolution du diagnostic de l'autisme au 21e siècle, à partir des domaines et sous-domaines sur lesquelles reposent les catégorisations nosologiques. En outre, les instruments auxiliaires utilisés et certaines technologies de diagnostic en cours de développement sont signalés, en plus des modèles conceptuels sur le profil neuropsychologique. Il s'agit d'une recherche documentaire, basée sur les manuels de diagnostic existant à l'époque. Les domaines de l'interaction sociale, de la communication et des comportements restreints et répétitifs ont été maintenus dans les manuels de diagnostic abordés. Les sous-domaines de l''interaction sociale et de la communication ont été réduits, tandis que le norme restreint et répétitif a été consolidé dans le DSM-5. Comprendre l'évolution des critères diagnostiques tend à favoriser le développement clinique, l'anticipation du diagnostic, et les interventions nécessaires à un meilleur pronostic.

Resumen Los criterios que ayudaron el diagnóstico de autismo han sufrido varios cambios, siguiendo los supuestos conceptuales hegemónicos en el período. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la evolución del diagnóstico de autismo en el siglo XXI, en función de los dominios y subdominios que se basan las categorizaciones nosológicas. Además, se señalan los instrumentos auxiliares utilizados, algunas tecnologías de diagnóstico en desarrollo y modelos conceptuales que abordan el perfil neuropsicológico. Esta es una investigación documental, basada en los manuales de diagnóstico existentes en el período. Los dominios de interacción social, comunicación y patrones de conducta restringidos y repetitivos se mantuvieron en los manuales de diagnóstico abordados. Los subdominios de interacción social y comunicación se redujeron, mientras que el patrón restringido y repetitivo se consolidó en el DSM-5. Comprender la evolución de los criterios de diagnóstico tiende a promover el desarrollo clínico, fomentando la anticipación diagnóstica e intervenciones necesarias para un mejor pronóstico.

In-hospital adverse drug events: analysis of trend in Portuguese public hospitals / Eventos adversos a medicamentos durante a internação hospitalar: análise de tendência em hospitais públicos de Portugal / Eventos adversos con medicamentos dentro de hospitales: análisis de tendencia en hospitales públicos portugueses

Abstract: The objectives of this study were to analyze in-hospital adverse drug events (ADEs) in Portuguese public hospitals, and their association with mortality and the duration of hospitalization. We analyzed an administrative database containing the registration of all hospitalizations occurring in Portuguese public hospitals in 2013-2015. ADEs were identified using the codes E850-858.9 and E930-949.9 from ICD-9-CM. We identified all episodes with registration of in-hospital ADE and we compared them with a random sample of an equal number of episodes with no events recorded. A total of 3,041,443 cases were analyzed, 60,521 presented at least one ADE from which 17,213 occurred in hospital context. The most frequent drug classes associated with ADE were the antineoplastics/immunosuppressant drugs, antibiotics and steroids. Patient characteristics associated with a greater occurrence of in-hospital ADEs (all with p < 0.001) were medical admissions (OR = 1.29), the diagnosis - myeloid leukaemia (OR = 18.63), nephrotic syndrome (OR = 15.75), pneumonia (OR = 1.33) -, a higher number of secondary diagnoses (OR = 1.27), and increased duration of hospital stay (OR = 1.06). Hospitalizations with records of in-hospital ADEs presented a significantly higher mortality (9.6% vs. 4.5) and duration of hospitalization (22.6 vs. 6.4 days). ADEs were shown to be directly associated with an increase in the duration of hospital stay of 8.18 days. This study adds some interesting insights related to the most frequent drug classes and patient characteristics that can influence the frequency of ADEs in Portuguese public hospitals and also the burden of injury resulting from them.

Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivos analisar os eventos adversos a medicamentos (EAMs) em hospitais públicos de Portugal e a associação com mortalidade hospitalar e tempo de internação. Foi analisada uma base de dados administrativos com registros de todas as internações em hospitais públicos portugueses entre 2013 e 2015. Os EAMs foram identificados com o uso dos códigos E850-858.9 e E930-949.9 da CID-9-MC. Identificamos todos os episódios com registro de EAM hospitalar e comparamos com uma amostra aleatória de um número igual de episódios, sem registro de eventos. Foram analisados 3.041.443 casos, dos quais 60.521 apresentavam pelo menos um EAM, das quais 17.213 ocorreram no contexto hospitalar. As classes de drogas mais associadas aos EAMs foram antineoplásicos/imunossupressores, antibióticos e corticosteroides. As características dos pacientes mais associadas aos EAMs (todas com p < 0,001) foram internações pela clínica médica (OR = 1,29), diagnóstico de leucemia mieloide (OR = 18,63), síndrome nefrótica (OR = 15,75) ou pneumonia (OR = 1,33), número maior de diagnósticos secundários (OR = 1,27) e maior tempo de internação (OR = 1,06). As hospitalizações com registro de EAM hospitalar mostraram mortalidade significativamente mais elevada (9,6% vs. 4,5) e maior tempo de internação (22,6 vs. 6,4 dias). Os EAMs mostraram associação direta com o tempo de internação hospitalar, aos 8,18 dias. O estudo traz contribuições interessantes relacionadas às classes farmacológicas mais frequentes e às características dos pacientes que podem influenciar a frequência de EAMs nos hospitais públicos portugueses e a consequente carga de morbidade.

Resumen: Los objetivos del estudio fueron analizar eventos adversos con medicamentos (EAMs) en hospitales públicos portugueses, así como su asociación con la mortalidad y la duración de la hospitalización. Analizamos una base de datos administrativa, que contenía el registro de todas las hospitalizaciones que se produjeron en hospitales públicos portugueses desde 2013 a 2015. Los EAMs fueron identificados usando los códigos E850-858.9 y E930-949.9 desde CIE-9-MC. Identificamos todos los episodios registrados de EAMs en hospitales y los comparamos con una muestra aleatoria de un número igual de episodios sin eventos registrados. Se analizaron un total de 3.041.443 de casos, 60.521 presentaron al menos un EAM de los 17.213 que se produjeron en un contexto hospitalario. Los tipos de medicamentos más frecuentes, asociados con EAM, fueron los antineoplásicos/inmunosupresores, antibióticos y esteroides. Las características del paciente, asociadas con una ocurrencia mayor de eventos adversos con medicamentos en hospitales, (todos con p < 0,001) fueron: admisiones médicas (OR = 1,29); diagnóstico de leucemia mieloide (OR = 18,63), síndrome nefrítico (OR = 15,75) o neumonía (OR = 1,33); un alto número de diagnósticos secundarios (OR = 1,27), así como una duración mayor en el ingreso hospitalario (OR = 1,06). Las hospitalizaciones con registros de EAMs en hospitales presentaron una mortalidad significativamente más alta (9,6% vs. 4,5), así como la duración de la hospitalización (22,6 vs. 6,4 días). Los EAMs mostraron estar directamente asociados con el incremento en los ingresos hospitalarios a partir de los 8,18 días. Este estudio añade algunos planteamientos interesantes, relacionados con los tipos de medicamentos más frecuentes y características de los pacientes, que pueden influenciar en la frecuencia de EAMs en hospitales públicos portugueses, así como también en la carga de las lesiones resultante de los mismos.